Modulating afferent signals to treat medical conditions

ABSTRACT

This document provides methods and materials for modulating afferent nerve signals to treat medical conditions such as CHF, CHF respiration, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease (e.g., peripheral arterial disease or venous insufficiency), hypertension (e.g., age-associated hypertension, resistant hypertension, or chronic refractory hypertension), COPD, sleep apnea, and chronic forms of lung disease where muscle dysfunction is a part of the disease pathophysiology. For example, methods and materials involved in using electrical and/or chemical techniques to block or reduce afferent nerve signals (e.g., nerve signals of group III and/or IV afferents coming from skeletal muscle and/or the kidneys) are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.16/418,307, filed May 19, 2021, which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/383,964, filed Sep. 9, 2014, which is a NationalStage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No.PCT/US2013/029930, having an International Filing Date of Mar. 8, 2013,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 61/609,169 filedMar. 9, 2012. This disclosures of the prior applications are consideredpart of (and are incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of thisapplication.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support underHL071478/RR024151/HL046493 awarded by the National Institute of Health.The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

This document relates to methods and materials involved in modulatingafferent nerve signals to treat medical conditions such as heartfailure, congestive heart failure (CHF), heart failure disorderedbreathing, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sleep apnea. For example, thisdocument relates to methods and materials involved in using electricaland/or chemical techniques to block or reduce afferent nerve signals.

2. Background Information

Medical conditions such as heart failure, hypertension, and peripheralvascular disease are major public health concerns. For example, nearly 6million Americans currently live with heart failure and approximately670,000 to 700,000 new diagnoses are made each year in the U.S. With newdiagnostic technologies, improved survival after myocardial infarction,and the increasing age of the population, it is anticipated that thisupward trend will continue. This includes both classical systolic heartfailure as well the growing population of diastolic heart failure orheart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Data from theNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected from 1988through 1991, suggested that 24% of the U.S. adult population hadhypertension with numbers that may be approaching 30% today. The term“peripheral vascular disease” includes peripheral arterial disease aswell as venous insufficiency. It is estimated that 5% of individualsover the age of 50 years have peripheral arterial disease, although theincidence of undiagnosed peripheral arterial disease may be as high as30%. Venous insufficiency, a form of peripheral vascular disease, has anincidence of about 2 to 5% in the U.S. population. Trends in obesity,diabetes, and inactivity are likely to increase the incidence of thesemajor chronic illnesses.

SUMMARY

This document provides methods and materials for modulating afferentnerve signals to treat medical conditions such as heart failure, CHF,heart failure disordered breathing, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease(e.g., peripheral arterial disease or venous insufficiency),hypertension (e.g., age-associated hypertension, resistant hypertension,or chronic refractory hypertension), COPD, sleep apnea, and otherchronic forms of lung disease where muscle dysfunction is a part of thedisease pathophysiology. For example, this document provides methods andmaterials involved in using electrical and/or chemical techniques toblock or reduce afferent nerve signals (e.g., nerve signals of group IIIand/or IV afferents coming from skeletal muscle and/or the kidneys).

As described herein, blocking or reducing afferent neural feedback(e.g., afferent nerve signals from muscles and/or the kidneys) canreduce symptoms, disrupt pathophysiology, and improve health status inpatients suffering from various medical conditions. Any appropriatechemical technique, electrical technique, or combination thereof can beused to reduce or block afferent nerve signals in a manner that resultsin a clinical improvement for a patient suffering from a medicalcondition such as heart failure, CHF, heart failure disorderedbreathing, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease (e.g., peripheralarterial disease or venous insufficiency), hypertension (e.g.,age-associated hypertension, resistant hypertension, or chronicrefractory hypertension), COPD, sleep apnea, and chronic forms of lungdisease where muscle dysfunction is a part of the diseasepathophysiology. For example, an implantable electrode device designedto deliver electrical pulses capable of reducing or blocking nervesignals can be positioned within a mammal (e.g., a human) with heartfailure or CHF and suffering from excessive and/or irregular breathingpatterns such that the electrode device can reduce or block afferentnerve signals from, for example, muscles and/or the kidneys. While notbeing limited to any particular mode of action, breathing abnormalitiesin heart failure or CHF can be driven by sensory nerves in theexercising muscles (see, e.g., FIG. 1). These nerves normally sense thebuild-up of metabolites (e.g., lactic acid) in the muscle and increasebreathing, blood pressure, and heart rate in an effort to improve oxygendelivery in the contracting muscles. In heart failure or CHF, however,they may become overly sensitive and respond prematurely and excessivelyto these stimuli such that breathing and sympathetic activity risedisproportionately to the actual stimuli. As described herein, reducingor blocking sensory signals that drive ventilation (or the otherresponses described herein) can increase exercise tolerance, improvequality of life, and blunt a number of pathophysiological cycles thatcontribute to poor outcomes and death in heart failure or CHF. Inaddition to sensory nerves in, for example, the leg, excessivestimulation of similar sensory nerves in the kidney likely contribute tothe excessive sympathetic activity observed in heart failure (e.g., CHF)and hypertension. Reducing or blocking of these sensory nerves in thekidney can be used as described herein to reduce the marked sympatheticactivation seen in resistant hypertension and heart failure (e.g., CHF),thereby having a dramatic effect on the course of these diseases andpatient outcomes.

In general, one aspect of this document features a method for increasingexercise tolerance of a mammal having heart failure. The methodcomprises, or consists essentially of, (a) identifying a mammal havingheart failure and reduced exercise tolerance, and (b) applying anelectrical therapy signal to a muscle or kidney afferent nerve of themammal under conditions wherein afferent nerve signals of the muscle orkidney afferent nerve are reduced or blocked. The mammal can be a human.The method can comprise implanting an electrode device within themammal. The electrical therapy signal can comprise a frequency betweenabout 1 and about 100 Hz, a current intensity between about 1 and about10 μA, and a pulse width of about 1 to about 10 milliseconds. The methodcan comprise applying the electrical therapy signal to a muscle afferentnerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applyingthe electrical therapy signal to the muscle afferent nerve in a regionwithin 5 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, or epidural space. The mammalcan be a human, and the method can comprise applying the electricaltherapy signal to the muscle afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm of aspinal nerve or ganglion. The method can comprise applying theelectrical therapy signal to a kidney afferent nerve. The mammal can bea human, and the method can comprise applying the electrical therapysignal to the kidney afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a kidneyafferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method can compriseapplying the electrical therapy signal to the kidney afferent nerve in aregion within 3 mm of a kidney afferent nerve. The electrical therapysignal can be delivered by an electrode connected to an implantedneurostimulator control unit. The electrical therapy signal can be anintermittent stimulus that cycles continuously.

In another aspect, this document features a method for increasingexercise tolerance of a mammal having heart failure. The methodcomprises, or consists essentially of, (a) identifying a mammal havingheart failure and reduced exercise tolerance, and (b) applying acomposition comprising a nerve blocking agent to a muscle or kidneyafferent nerve of the mammal under conditions wherein afferent nervesignals of the muscle or kidney afferent nerve are reduced or blocked.The mammal can be a human. The method can comprise applying thecomposition to a muscle afferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, andthe method can comprise applying the composition to the muscle afferentnerve in a region within 5 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, or epiduralspace. The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applyingthe composition to the muscle afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm ofa spinal nerve, ganglion, or epidural space. The method can compriseapplying the composition to a kidney afferent nerve. The mammal can be ahuman, and wherein the method can comprise applying the composition tothe kidney afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a kidney afferentnerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applyingthe composition to the kidney afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm ofa kidney afferent nerve. The nerve blocking agent can be selected fromthe group consisting of clonidine, morphine, fentanyl, midazolam,lidocaine, and baclofen.

In another aspect, this document features a method for treating amedical condition of a mammal. The method comprises, or consistsessentially of, (a) identifying a mammal having the medical condition,and (b) applying an electrical therapy signal to a muscle or kidneyafferent nerve of the mammal under conditions wherein afferent nervesignals of the muscle or kidney afferent nerve are reduced or blocked.The mammal can be a human. The method can comprise implanting anelectrode device within the mammal. The electrical therapy signal cancomprise a frequency between about 1 and about 100 Hz, a currentintensity between about 1 and about 10 μA, and a pulse width of about 1to about 10 milliseconds. The method can comprise applying theelectrical therapy signal to a muscle afferent nerve. The mammal can bea human, and the method can comprise applying the electrical therapysignal to the muscle afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a spinalnerve, ganglion, or epidural space. The mammal can be a human, and themethod can comprise applying the electrical therapy signal to the muscleafferent nerve in a region within 3 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, orepidural space. The method can comprise applying the electrical therapysignal to a kidney afferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, and themethod can comprise applying the electrical therapy signal to the kidneyafferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a kidney afferent nerve. Themammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applying theelectrical therapy signal to the kidney afferent nerve in a regionwithin 3 mm of a kidney afferent nerve. The electrical therapy signalcan be delivered by an electrode connected to an implantedneurostimulator control unit. The electrical therapy signal can be anintermittent stimulus that cycles continuously. The medical conditioncan be selected from the group consisting of heart failure, heartfailure disordered breathing, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease,hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sleep apnea.

In another aspect, this document features a method for treating amedical condition of a mammal. The method comprises, or consistsessentially of, (a) identifying a mammal having the medical condition,and (b) applying a composition comprising a nerve blocking agent to amuscle or kidney afferent nerve of the mammal under conditions whereinafferent nerve signals of the muscle or kidney afferent nerve arereduced or blocked. The mammal can be a human. The method can compriseapplying the composition to a muscle afferent nerve. The mammal can be ahuman, and the method can comprise applying the composition to themuscle afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a spinal nerve,ganglion, or epidural space. The mammal can be a human, and the methodcan comprise applying the composition to the muscle afferent nerve in aregion within 3 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, or epidural space. Themethod can comprise applying the composition to a kidney afferent nerve.The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applying thecomposition to the kidney afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of akidney afferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method cancomprise applying the composition to the kidney afferent nerve in aregion within 3 mm of a kidney afferent nerve. The nerve blocking agentcan be selected from the group consisting of clonidine, morphine,fentanyl, midazolam, lidocaine, and baclofen. The medical condition canbe selected from the group consisting of heart failure, congestive heartfailure, heart failure disordered breathing, dyspnea, peripheralvascular disease, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and sleep apnea.

In another aspect, this document features a method for reducing bloodpressure within a mammal. The method comprises, or consists essentiallyof, (a) identifying a mammal having elevated blood pressure, and (b)applying an electrical therapy signal to a muscle or kidney afferentnerve of the mammal under conditions wherein afferent nerve signals ofthe muscle or kidney afferent nerve are reduced or blocked. The mammalcan be a human. The method can comprise implanting an electrode devicewithin the mammal. The electrical therapy signal can comprise afrequency between about 1 and about 100 Hz, a current intensity betweenabout 1 and about 10 μA, and a pulse width of about 1 to about 10milliseconds. The method can comprise applying the electrical therapysignal to a muscle afferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, and themethod can comprise applying the electrical therapy signal to the muscleafferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, orepidural space. The mammal can be a human, and the method can compriseapplying the electrical therapy signal to the muscle afferent nerve in aregion within 3 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, or epidural space. Themethod can comprise applying the electrical therapy signal to a kidneyafferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method can compriseapplying the electrical therapy signal to the kidney afferent nerve in aregion within 5 mm of a kidney afferent nerve. The mammal can be ahuman, and the method can comprise applying the electrical therapysignal to the kidney afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm of a kidneyafferent nerve. The electrical therapy signal can be delivered by anelectrode connected to an implanted neurostimulator control unit. Theelectrical therapy signal can be an intermittent stimulus that cyclescontinuously.

In another aspect, this document features a method for reducing bloodpressure within a mammal. The method comprises, or consists essentiallyof, (a) identifying a mammal having elevated blood pressure, and (b)applying a composition comprising a nerve blocking agent to a muscle orkidney afferent nerve of the mammal under conditions wherein afferentnerve signals of the muscle or kidney afferent nerve are reduced orblocked. The mammal can be a human. The method can comprise applying thecomposition to a muscle afferent nerve. The mammal can be a human, andthe method can comprise applying the composition to the muscle afferentnerve in a region within 5 mm of a spinal nerve, ganglion, or epiduralspace. The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applyingthe composition to the muscle afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm ofa spinal nerve, ganglion, or epidural space. The method can compriseapplying the composition to a kidney afferent nerve. The mammal can be ahuman, and the method can comprise applying the composition to thekidney afferent nerve in a region within 5 mm of a kidney afferentnerve. The mammal can be a human, and the method can comprise applyingthe composition to the kidney afferent nerve in a region within 3 mm ofa kidney afferent nerve. The nerve blocking agent can be selected fromthe group consisting of clonidine, morphine, fentanyl, midazolam,lidocaine, and baclofen.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practicethe invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. Allpublications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples areillustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an overview of the influence of locomotor muscleneural feedback on sympathetic nervous system activation and continuedprogression of heart failure.

FIG. 2 is a graph plotting minute ventilation, V_(E) (L/minute), versustime (seconds) for control (CTL) and heart failure (HF) patients treatedwith placebo or fentanyl.

FIG. 3 is a graph plotting ventilatory efficiency, V_(E)/VCO₂, versustime (seconds) for control (CTL) and heart failure (HF) patients treatedwith placebo or fentanyl.

FIG. 4 is a graph plotting respiratory rate, RR (breaths/minute), versuscarbon dioxide production, VCO₂ (L/minute), for control (CTL) and heartfailure (HF) patients treated with placebo or fentanyl. The symbols forthis figure are the same as those of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a graph plotting the percent of end-exercise ventilationversus VCO2 (L/minute) for control (CTL) and heart failure (HF) patientstreated with placebo or fentanyl. The symbols for this figure are thesame as those of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a bar graph plotting the influence of intrathecal injection offentanyl on central chemoreceptor sensitivity.

FIG. 7 is a graph plotting mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) versustime (seconds) for control (CTL) and heart failure (HF) patients treatedwith placebo or fentanyl. The symbols for this figure are the same asthose of FIG. 2.

FIG. 8 is a top view of an electrode lead having multiple independentlycontrolled electrodes.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of the human spine and nervous system with twoelectrode leads place on each side of the spine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document provides methods and materials for modulating afferentnerve signals to treat medical conditions such as heart failure, CHF,heart failure disordered breathing, dyspnea, peripheral vascular disease(e.g., peripheral arterial disease or venous insufficiency),hypertension (e.g., age-associated hypertension, resistant hypertension,or chronic refractory hypertension), COPD, sleep apnea, and chronicforms of lung disease where muscle dysfunction is a part of the diseasepathophysiology. For example, this document provides methods andmaterials for using electrical and/or chemical techniques to block orreduce afferent nerve signals (e.g., nerve signals of group III and/orIV afferents coming from skeletal muscle and/or the kidneys).

As described herein, reducing or blocking nerve signals from group IIIand/or IV afferents coming from muscle (e.g., skeletal muscle), one orboth kidneys, and/or both can result in improved quality of life,reduced disordered breathing, and improved exercise tolerance forpatients suffering from CHF, can result in reduced blood pressure forpatients with elevated blood pressure, can result in improved exercisetolerance for patients with peripheral vascular disease, and/or canresult in improved exercise tolerance for patients suffering from sleepapnea. In some cases, electrical and/or chemical techniques can be usedto reduce or block afferent nerve signals by targeting one or more ofthe locations set forth in Table 1. For example, a medical conditiondescribed herein can be treated by reducing or blocking afferent nervesignals by targeting the afferents at locations near the spinal columnsuch as near lumbar 2-5 (e.g., L2, L3, L4, or L5), sacral 1-2 (e.g., S1or S2), cervical 2-5 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, or C5), and/or thoracic 4-12(e.g., T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 or T12)). In some cases, amedical condition described herein can be treated by reducing orblocking afferent nerve signals by targeting the afferents and/organglia such as a celiac plexus, a hepatic plexus, a splenic plexus, agastric plexus, a pancreatic plexus, a suprarenal plexus, a renalplexus, a testicular plexus, an ovarian plexus, a superior mesentericplexus, and/or an inferior mesenteric plexus.

TABLE 1 Targeted locations of afferent nerves for treating medicalconditions. Medical Afferent Nerves or Condition ganglia ParticularLocations Heart failure Spinal Afferents T4 through S2 Thoracic levelsto block renal afferents Lumbar and sacral to block muscle afferentsCeliac Plexus To reduce sympathoexcitatory afferent signals Renal Plexusfrom the kidney and viscera Suprarenal Plexus Dorsal Root Ganglia L1-5(e.g., target multiple numbers, e.g. 4-5, on both sides of the spine)Heart failure Spinal Afferents T4 through S2 respiration Thoracic levelsto block renal afferents Lumbar and sacral to block muscle afferentsDorsal Root Ganglia L1-5 (e.g., target multiple numbers, e.g. 4-5, onboth sides of the spine) dyspnea Spinal Afferents T4 through S2 Thoraciclevels to block renal afferents Lumbar and sacral to block muscleafferents Dorsal Root Ganglia L1-5 (e.g., target multiple numbers, e.g.4-5, on both sides of the spine) phrenic afferents peripheral Spinalafferents T4 through S2 vascular Thoracic levels to block renalafferents disease Lumbar and sacral to block muscle afferentshypertension Spinal afferents T4 through S2 Thoracic levels to blockrenal afferents Lumbar and sacral to block muscle afferents CleiacPlexus To reduce sympathoexcitatory afferent signals Renal Plexus fromthe kidney and viscera Suprarenal plexus Superior mesenteric plexusInferior mesenteric plexus Dorsal root ganglia T6-12 (e.g., targetmultiple numbers, e.g. 4-5, on both sides of the spine) COPD Spinalafferents T4 through S2 Thoracic levels to block renal afferents Lumbar& Sacral to block muscle afferents Dorsal root ganglia T6-12 (e.g.,target multiple numbers, e.g. 4-5, on both sides of the spine) sleepapnea Spinal afferents T4 through S2 Thoracic levels to block renalafferents Lumbar and sacral to block muscle afferents Cleiac PlexusThoracic levels to block renal afferents Renal Plexus Lumbar & Sacral toblock muscle afferents Suprarenal plexus To reduce sympathoexcitatoryafferent signals Superior mesenteric plexus from the kidney and visceraInferior mesenteric plexus Dorsal root ganglia T6-12 (e.g., targetmultiple numbers, e.g. 4-5, on both sides of the spine)

Any appropriate electrical and/or chemical technique can be used toreduce or block afferent nerve signals. For example, one or moreelectrode devices, one or more drug pump devices, or a combination oneor more electrode devices and one or more drug pump devices can be usedto reduce or block afferent nerve signals. In some cases, a mild coolingdevice, a vibration device, or an ultrasound device can be used to blockafferent nerve signals (e.g., to block afferent nerve signalstransiently). In some cases, an implantable electrode device can be usedto deliver electrical therapy signals to afferent nerves in a mannerthat reduces or blocks afferent nerve signals. Examples of electrodedevices that can be used to deliver electrical therapy signals toafferent nerves in a manner that reduces or blocks afferent nervesignals include, without limitation, those devices configured to includeone or more electrodes as described elsewhere (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.8,010,204, 7,783,362, 6,928,320, PCT Publication No. WO/2011/156439,U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040172085, U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 20050131485, U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20070073354, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20100191311, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20120016448, U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 20100114244, or EP1904160). In somecases, neurostimulator devices such as a Medtronic™ Soletra or Kinetracan be implanted into a mammal and configured to deliver electricaltherapy signals to afferent nerves in a manner that reduces or blocksafferent nerve signals. For example, a lead (or electrode) of aneurostimulator device can be positioned within 7.5 mm (e.g., within 7,6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 mm) of a nerve or ganglion of interest within apatient suffering from heart failure (e.g., CHF) to provide electricaltherapy signals to afferent nerves. In some cases, a battery poweredneurostimulator control unit of a neurostimulator device can beimplanted (e.g., in the patient's chest) and can have one or moreextensions connecting the neurostimulator control unit to one or moreelectrodes positioned at a targeted afferent nerve location (e.g., atargeted afferent nerve location set forth in Table 1). In some cases,one or more electrodes can be positioned unilaterally or bilaterallywithin a mammal to be treated (e.g., human to be treated).

Any appropriate electrical therapy signals can be used provided thatthey reduce or block afferent nerve signals. For example, electricaltherapy signals designed to reduce or block afferent nerve signals canhave a frequency of between about 1 Hz and about 100 Hz, can have acurrent intensity between about 1 μA and about 10 μA, and a pulse widthof about 1 milliseconds to about 10 milliseconds. In some cases,electrical therapy signals can be intermittent with pauses ranging forabout 10 seconds to about 120 seconds. In some cases, electrical therapysignals can be discontinuous with rest periods of up to about 12 hours.For some exercise applications, electrical therapy signals can be usedonly during exercise or periods of increased physical activity.

In some cases, appropriate electrical therapy signals can have afrequency of about 5 Hz and a current intensity of about 3 μA. In somecases, electrical therapy signals can be a series of applied electricalcurrent (e.g., a train). In some cases, electrical therapy signalsinclude a train with intertrain rest periods. For example, electricalparameters can include rest periods in which no current is applied. Insome cases, the rest period can be from about 5 seconds to about 120seconds.

In some cases, electrical therapy signals can be used to reduce or blockafferent nerve signals continuously (e.g., 24 hours a day) or forcertain periods of a day. For example, electrical therapy signals can beused to reduce or block afferent nerve signals from renal sources duringthe night and electrical therapy signals can be used to reduce or blockafferent nerve signals at dorsal root ganglia during the day. In somecases, a patient having peripheral vascular disease can be treated asdescribed herein by reducing or blocking afferent nerve signalscontinuously (e.g., 24 hours a day). In some cases, a patient withhypertension can be treated as described herein by reducing or blockingafferent nerve signals from renal sources at night and when the patientis lying down. In some cases, a patient in need of improved ventilation(e.g., a CHF patient) or a patient with hypertension can be treated byimplanting one or more electrode devices having the ability to senseactivity. In such cases, the device(s) can deliver reducing or blockingelectrical therapy signals during periods of increased activity levels.

In some cases, more than one location within a mammal's body can betarget to reduce or block afferent nerve signals. For example, one ormore electrode devices can be implanted into a mammal such that renalafferent nerve signals are reduced or blocked during the night andmuscular afferent nerve signals (e.g., afferent nerve signals at dorsalroot ganglia) are reduced or blocked during the day or during periods ofactivity.

In some cases, both leg (e.g., muscular afferents) and renal afferentscan be blocked with the same device (e.g., using different leads, or alead with a wide span with multiple electrodes; see e.g., FIGS. 8 and9). In some cases, both afferent groups can be blocked continuously, orthe leg afferents can be blocked during the day and the renal afferentscan be blocked at night. In some cases, the pattern of nerve blockingcan be synchronized to CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).

As shown in FIG. 9, electrode leads can be implanted to block multipleafferents groups at the same time and on either or both sides of thespine. In some cases, afferent groups can be blocked at differentanatomic locations at the same time (e.g., the T6-12 leads and the L1-5leads both blocking at the same time) or at different time periods(e.g., T6-12 leads at night, and the L1-5 leads during the day). Asshown in FIG. 8, an electrode lead can include multiple independentlycontrolled electrodes designed to allow a user to select whichelectrodes are activated to block various afferent groups. Theactivation can occur at different time periods (day/night) or cycle atdifferent time points to prevent accommodation.

In some cases, an implantable drug pump device can be used to deliverone or more nerve blocking agents to afferent nerves in a manner thatreduces or blocks afferent nerve signals. Examples of nerve blockingagents that can be used to reduce or block afferent nerve signals asdescribed herein include, without limitation, clonidine, morphine,fentanyl, midazolam, lidocaine, baclofen, other local anesthetics, andsubstance P antagonists. Any appropriate drug pump device can be used todeliver one or more nerve blocking agents to a location described hereinto reduce or block afferent nerve signals. Examples of such drug pumpdevices that can be configured to deliver one or more nerve blockingagents to a location described herein included, without limitation,those drug pump devices described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,226,442;7,648,677; 8,012,119; 5,527,307; International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO2000/074753, or U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2007/0275035.

Any appropriate dose of a nerve blocking agent can be delivered asdescribed herein provided that that amount reduces or blocks afferentnerve signals. For example, when delivering fentanyl, between about 5 μgand about 25 μg of fentanyl can be delivered per hour. When deliveringclonidine, between about 10 μg and about 100 μg of clonidine can bedelivered per hour. When delivering baclofen, between about 0.1 μg andabout 10 μg of baclofen can be delivered per hour.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, whichdo not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Locomotor Muscle Afferents Contribute to VentilatoryControl During Exercise in Heart Failure Patients

Reduced ventilatory efficiency is a hallmark of heart failure and islinked to disease severity and a poor prognosis. The following wasperformed to determine if neurologic feedback from locomotor muscles isa mechanism responsible for altered ventilatory efficiency and todetermine the impact of reducing or blocking locomotor muscle afferentfeedback on ventilation (V_(E)) during exercise in heart failurepatients.

Briefly, five heart failure patients with reduced systolic function(age=60±11 years, height=1.81±0.03 m, weight=94±7 kg, ejectionfraction=27±5%, NYHA I-III class=2±0) underwent two 5-minute submaximalsteady-state exercise sessions at 60% peak work (placebo (PLA) vs.regional neural blockade via intrathecal injection of fentanyl (RNB)).Using aseptic technique and local anesthesia, 50 μg of fentanyl wasadministered via a 22 g Whitaker needle. Breath-by-breath measuresincluded V_(E), breathing frequency (fb), tidal volume (V_(T)),end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO₂), oxygen consumption (VO₂), and carbondioxide production (VCO₂). Central chemoreceptor sensitivity also wasmeasured via CO₂ rebreathe. At end exercise, there was no difference inVO₂ (1.4±0.2 vs. 1.4±0.2 L/min, p=0.43). V_(E) was reduced with RNB(48.0±6.5 vs. 41.8±6.0 L/min, p<0.05) through a reduction in fb(27.2±5.2 vs. 23.9±4.2 breaths/min, p<0.01) with no change in V_(T)(1.8±0.2 vs. 1.8±0.2 L/min, p=0.81) (FIG. 2). Additionally, theV_(E)/VCO₂ ratio was reduced (improved) with RNB (33.2±3.5 vs. 28.2±2.8,p<0.05). After exercise, there was no difference between the conditionsfor chemoreceptor sensitivity (V_(E)/PETCO₂ slope=2.4±0.9 vs. 2.4±0.6,p=0.80). See, e.g., FIGS. 3-6.

These results demonstrate that in heart failure patients, blockingafferent neural feedback from the locomotor muscles during exercisereduces V_(E) and improves ventilatory efficiency.

Mean arterial blood pressure measurements also were obtained from thePLA- and RNB-treated patients. A significant reduction in mean arterialblood pressure was detected for RNB-treated patients (FIG. 7). Theseresults demonstrate that the blood pressure response to exercise can bereduced in selected patient groups.

These results also demonstrate that arterial CO₂ can be increased atrest post afferent blockade. This rise in PaCO₂ post blockade can occurdespite the fact that the CO₂ ventilatory response (a test of centralchemosensitivity) remains constant as does hand grip strength (a signthat the medication did not migrate centrally). These results alsodemonstrate that the metaboreceptors can be active even at rest in heartfailure and that blocking these fibers can have long termpathophysiological benefits.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for increasing exercise tolerance of amammal having heart failure, wherein said method comprises: (a)identifying a mammal having heart failure and reduced exercisetolerance, and (b) applying a composition comprising clonidine to amuscle or kidney afferent nerve of said mammal under conditions whereinafferent nerve signals of said muscle or kidney afferent nerve arereduced or blocked.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mammal is ahuman.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said method comprises applyingsaid composition to a muscle afferent nerve.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein said method comprises applying said composition to a kidneyafferent nerve.